- What is the biosphere?
- Components of the biosphere
- Layers of the biosphere
- Importance of the biosphere
- Biosphere and ecosphere
- Biosphere reserves
We explain what the biosphere is, its history, components and layers. Also, what are the Unesco Biosphere Reserves.
What is the biosphere?
The biosphere or biosphere is the "living envelope" of the planet Earth, that is, the total set of forms of life (animal, plant, microbial, etc.) and the system they make up with their respective environments, located in the superficial portion of the Earth crust. In other words, the biosphere is the ecosystem global, which includes all local ecosystems.
The biosphere arose on our planet around 3.5 billion years ago, and since then it has evolved in complexity and biodiversity, despite having undergone numerous mass extinctions. The human being is part of it, and therefore also its communities, nations Y cities.
The term biosphere was coined by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914), but it began to be used formally in scientific studies in 1920, thanks to the Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadski (1863-1945), even before the term ecosystem, released in 1935.
Biosphere is today a term in common use in the areas of the astronomy, geology, climatology, paleogeography and others disciplines similar, always referring to life on Earth.
Components of the biosphere
On the one hand, the biosphere is made up of life forms themselves, that is, of all human beings, animals, plants, mushrooms, microorganisms and else. In addition, it is also made up of the different biogeochemical cycles that make possible the support of life, that take place on the earth's surface.
This is because the biosphere is not a passive stratum inhabited by living beings and that's it. Rather, it is a vast network of chemical exchange with the environment, at different levels of organization and complexity.
Layers of the biosphere
The biosphere does not have layers, as it is not something that has a structure in itself. However, three systems converge in it that could be understood as fundamental for its maintenance, which are:
- Geosphere. The physical and solid layer of the Earth, on whose surface life occurs.
- Hydrosphere. The set of all the bodies of Water liquid and solid that exist on the planet, and without which life would not have been and would not be possible.
- Atmosphere. The heterogeneous ball of gases that covers the geosphere, and that provides the essential gases for life as we know it, particularly the carbon dioxide (CO2) required for photosynthesis and the oxygen (O) necessary for breathing.
Importance of the biosphere
The biosphere is unique in the Solar system, since Earth is the only planet in which life has been known. This perhaps means that the location and properties of the Earth are unique or extremely rare, and that therefore the emergence of the biosphere is something of paramount importance.
In addition, the biochemical processes undertaken by the different forms of life alter the environment, adding or subtracting elements in various compounds, which in turn affects the geochemical state of the world.
For example, the emergence of photosynthesis during the Precambrian period greatly influenced the composition of the atmosphere, filling it with oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide, which allowed the gradual cooling of the planet, by reducing the greenhouse effect of atmospheric heavy gases.
Biosphere and ecosphere
The terms biosphere and ecosphere are synonyms and they are usually used interchangeably.
Biosphere reserves
It is called biosphere reserves to certain regions of the planet that are considered representative of the various habitats. Given their great scientific interest and their enormous contribution to biodiversity, they have special support from the UNESCO, within the framework of the Program on the Human Being and the Biosphere inaugurated in 1971.
These "reserves" are not protected areas, nor are they contemplated in any international treaty. They are part of the territorial sovereignty of their respective countries, but at the same time they are part of a world network of spaces sponsored by Unesco given their interest for ecologically sustainable development.
Today there are 701 biosphere reserves in 124 different countries.