We explain what clergy is and how secular clergy differs from regular clergy. Also, they were the high and low clergy in the Middle Ages.
What is the clergy?
We speak of the clergy (plural of "clergyman") to refer to the set of religious servants of a country, especially when it is sought to refer to them as a caste or social class, which in fact they were in the times of the Old Regime. The clergy are made up of priests, bishops, presbyters and deacons, that is, religious ministers of any kind, church or religion.
The clergy can well be defined as the set of the “official” members of a church: its leaders, not counting its faithful and non-ordained priests. Unlike the theologians, who are studious of the religious subject, the clergymen are dedicated to the administration and practice of the worship. Although the latter also have extensive knowledge on his creed, the titles of clergyman and theologian are not equivalent.
In fact, the words clergy and clergy come from Latin clerus Y clericus, with more or less the same meaning as today. Going back a little further in time we find them in the Greek language (klíros), with the meaning of "inheritance" or "dowry", that is, of the lands that were received from a predecessor. With this meaning it came to Latin, applying to the lands that were ceded to the nascent church christian and to those who lived on said assets.
Since ancient times, the members of the clergy are "ordained", that is, they belong to an order within the ecclesiastical structure (or, failing that, to a diocese), and are organized according to certain principles of authority and hierarchy, pyramidal, similar to the army. Like the latter, in many countries the clergy are financed wholly or partially by the Condition, and is subject to laws special (ecclesiastical jurisdiction).
On the other hand, in addition to carrying out the rites and sacraments of their religion, clergymen can make life within other institutions non-religious, such as the Armed Forces (in the case of chaplains), hospitals, or educational and charitable institutions. Some may even participate in the politics, something that is not always well seen in the West.
Finally, and as we will see shortly, the clergy is classified into two groups: the secular and the regular.
Secular clergy
The secular clergy or diocesan clergy is one that is part of a diocese (or that "is in its century", as it was said in Latin: saeculum, saecularis), that is to say, that he does not live within a monastic order or attend to its rules and vows, but rather are found in the world, among the people, directing the spiritual life of the people. The priests, presbyters, bishops and deacons that we can see in the churches are, precisely, the secular clergy.
Their work involves carrying out religious rites, providing spiritual support to the population, and managing sacred temples, among others, and depending on religion (or religious sect) they may not be subject to specific restrictions, such as the vow of chastity. This is not the case in the Catholic Church, in which both regular and secular clergy must be celibate.
Regular clergy
The regular clergy is one who is ordained, that is, who has taken part in a specific religious order and is therefore governed by the vows and rules that it imposes.
Their lives are subject to the mandates of this regulation, that is, to the solemn vows they have taken, and therefore they tend to live in monasteries or communities far from the general population. They are in charge of fewer community tasks than the secular clergy, but in return they exercise roles of preaching, caring for the sick, education of youth and attending in general to the "salvation of souls."
High and low clergy
The terms "high clergy" (or "superior clergy") and "low clergy" (or "inferior clergy") have value only in the history of the Church, since they embody the main social division that existed in both the regular and the clergy. in the secular, during the Middle Ages.
It was a difference in socioeconomic status between:
- The high clergy, made up of ecclesiastical authorities and higher-ranking positions, reserved for members who came from patrician families and a royal lineage.
- The lower clergy, made up of priests, monks and friars descended from peasants and urban artisans.
Although both enjoyed the virtues of belonging to the clergy, which together with the aristocracy were part of the favored social classes, the distance between the standard of living of one and the other was enormous.
This division lost meaning after the liberal revolution, when the Church ceased to be an important political and economic actor in the West, since the separation between State and Church was carried out successfully.