We explain what compound words are, how they are classified, and various examples. Also, what are simple and derived words.
What are compound words?
In Spanish, compound words are known as those that are the product of the morphological process of composition, that is, that arise from the union or coordination of two roots or lexemes, to form a new syntactic unit and semantics.
Composition is a common process in our language, and in many others (German usually takes the medal in this matter). It is used especially in relation to the formation of neologisms, that is, of new terms necessary to name a new reality.
East process It is given from any two words, sometimes of the same grammatical category and sometimes not. The result is handled as a unit in itself, normally governed by the rules of accentuation and spelling.
On the other hand, in some cases the two terms that compose it are separated with a short dash: this happens when they are only circumstantially obliged to coexist in the same term, which happens when both belong to the same grammatical category. In that case, each word will retain its customary spelling, without changes.
The most usual thing is that they are two lexemes (two nouns), but there may be cases where three or more merge. Depending on the grammatical category to which each term belongs, the resulting compound words can be classified into:
- Verb + noun, as in can opener (open + cans).
- Noun + adjective, like in bowled over (mouth + open).
- Adjective + adjective, as in deaf-mute (deaf + mute).
- Noun + noun, as in turning (mouth + street).
- Verb + verb, as in seesaw (go up + go down).
- Adverb + adjective, as in well thought out (good + thinking).
- Pronoun + verb, as in to do (what + to do).
Examples of compound words
Here is a list of compound words in Spanish:
- Compound words without hyphen
| Word | Lexemas | Type |
|---|---|---|
| sleep | Sleep + candle | Verb + verb |
| stupid | Leg + stiff | Noun + adjective |
| bittersweet | Sour + sweet | Adjective + adjective |
| Killjoy | Water + parties | Verb + noun |
| take it | Carry + and + bring | Verb + conjunction + verb |
| correveidile | Run + go + and + tell him | Verb + verb + conjunction + verb |
| bootlicker | Suck + stockings | Verb + noun |
| midnight | Half + night | Adjective + noun |
| laughing stock | Make me laugh | Verb + verb |
| cemetery | Holy + field | Noun + adjective |
| cauliflower | Cabbage + flower | Noun + noun |
| whoever | Who + wants | Pronoun + verb |
| letter opener | Open + letters | Verb + noun |
| two-step | Step + double | Noun + adjective |
| safe passage | Except + conduit | Adjective + noun |
| bloodsucker | Suck + blood | Verb + noun |
| Spanish speaker | Hispanic + speaker | Adjective + noun |
| corkscrew | Take out + corks | Verb + noun |
- Hyphenated compound words
| Word | Type |
| physiochemical | Adjective + adjective |
| artistic-musical | Adjective + adjective |
| Polish-German | Adjective + adjective |
| institute-school | Noun + noun |
| Science fiction | Noun + noun |
| kilometer-hour | Noun + noun |
| read-interpret | Verb + verb |
| know to do | Verb + verb |
| produce-consume | Verb + verb |
Simple words
Simple words are known as those that are composed of a single lexical unit, that is, by a single root, whether or not they have inflectional morphemes (inflectional suffixes). These are the words that generally designate a concrete, simple referent.
In addition, they serve as base pieces for composition processes. That is, a compound word involves several simple words.
For example: Sun, dog, walking, eating, beautiful, ugly, right, wrong, friendship.
Derived words
The derived words, finally, are those that are the result of a derivation process, that is, of incorporation into a lexical root of morphemes (suffixes, generally) that definitely and obviously change their meaning.
Thus, "families" of words with a common origin are formed, since the derived words come (derive) from other simpler words, known as primitive words (in the sense that they do not come from any other).
Examples of derived words are the following:
- From the primitive word "tree" they derive: grove, arboreal, arboreal, bush.
- From the primitive word "sun" they derive: sunny, solar, insolar.