We explain what accounting is, the types of accounting that exist and what are the characteristics of each of them.
What is accounting?
Accounting the capacity of a person or group of people to carry out work related to mathematical calculations, statistics, graphics, numerical records in order to order, establish all the movements of a business or trade.
The word comes from "accountant", That is to say, of the questions of the accountant, person who holds books of calculations on a Commerce small or company, banks and else.
Types of accounting
Accounting is classified according to the category where it is used:
- Business accounting. Includes cost calculations, expenses, income, production for the year, extraordinary expenses or income (tax, operating, financial penalties, losses and Profits by exchange rate).
- Financial Accounting. Includes gross export surplus, added value, trade margin, self-financing capacity, resources, assets, Passives, amortization, solvency of the company, financial ratios, production factors and the operating cycle.
- Bank accounting. For the management of different business funds, loans, titles, bonds, different types of coins. They also work with econometric models that establish market variables, therefore, rigorous accounting controls are carried out to avoid errors.
- Matrix accounting. It is the one that uses matrices to facilitate in a simpler way in rows and columns of must and have in its books.
- Cost accounting. It can be linked to business and / or financial accounting covers everything internal to the company, materials, wages, facilities and serves to make the data of production, investment, purchase of merchandise, social charges, financial expenses, amortizations and provisions for the current year. On the other hand, it includes what refers to subsidies, a figure of business, income from capitals borrowed, obligations on other companies. This leads to a profit or loss result, the bottom line of the business.
- National contability. It refers to the accounting of the so-called “state budget”. It is extremely important for a nation your financial statement and requires preparation, discussion and approval of the legislative power. And then an execution. In this case, the control is governed by a court of accounts where every year budget balances, public spending financings, taxes direct and indirect, tax revenues for example the I.V.A. (Value Added Tax). This concept is related to the "trade balance" which is similar to the state budget.
- Planning accounting. It is the one that tends to see the possible positive changes within the company and in the environment in which it is positioned. In addition, it is in charge of seeing the way of expansion in the future. Its topics to be discussed are: planning sales, optimization, new resources, marketing, costs thereof. It also focuses on following the production numbers, making a cost plan, a supply plan, the possibility of expanding the margin and an internal financing plan and for the incentive of consumption. This implies the search for greater effectiveness, includes creativity, new ideas to implement.