We explain what the Maximato was in Mexico, its antecedents and its consequences. Also, who was Plutarco Elías Calles?
Plutarco Elías Calles was the "Maximum Chief of the Revolution" in Mexico.What was the Maximato?
The historical and political period of Mexico between 1928 and 1934 is known as the Maximato. It began with the government acting of Emilio Portes Gil and ended when Lázaro Cárdenas assumed the presidency. Its name is due to the political influence exercised by Plutarco Elías Calles (1877-1945), a politician and military man with the informal title of "Maximum Chief of the Revolution."
Plutarco Elías Calles was a central figure in post-revolutionary Mexican political history, beginning with his formal presidential term between 1924 and 1928. He also had an enormous influence on the puppet governments after Álvaro Obregón's death in 1928.
During this political period, a single state party was created: the National Revolutionary Party or PNR, under the slogan that whoever wanted the presidential chair, "let it be formed", as Calles himself said, who imposed the rules of play of the moment.
Thus, the Maximato is remembered as the government of "a strong man" and as the last of the Mexican caudillista governments. Furthermore, it was, paradoxically, a period in which the revolutionary impulse for social change began to wane and diminish, in part due to the economic crisis 1929 World Cup (known as "The Great Depression").
However, the modernizing and institutionalizing effects of this period were an important heritage for Mexico.
Background of the Maximato
After the revolution, Mexico was debated between various political tendencies, each with “strong men” of local politics pulling the strings. The most important of them was Álvaro Obregón, a military man who had participated in the War Civil and that he was elected president for the period from 1920 to 1924.
As reelection was not possible, as successor he managed to elect his dauphin, Plutarco Elías Calles, who ruled between 1924 and 1928. In his government modern national initiatives proliferated: the Bank of Mexico was created, the road network was expanded, created the first national airline, founded the Medical-Veterinary School and numerous rural schools.
On the other hand, the tensions between Condition and the church, gave rise to the Cristero War of 1927. Former President Obregón had enormous influence on Calles' Mexican policies, and promoted a modification of the national constitution to allow a reelection. Thus, Álvaro Obregón was reelected in 1928 but was unable to take office, as he was assassinated in July of that year.
Thus, the interim government was assumed by Emilio Portes Gil (1928-1930), in which Calles was a fundamental actor, even handpicking the members of his cabinet.
That was the formal beginning of Maximato, during which Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930-1932), who resigned from office, and Abelardo Rodríguez (1932-1034) as interim president, both governments were subject to the will of Calles as well.
Consequences of the Maximato
The Maximato was an important industrializing and modernizing force in the country. He openly confronted the privileges of the Catholic Church and proceeded to distribute land, reform agrarian and the interconnection of the different corners of Mexico through the road network.
Despite its tendency to centralization of power in Calles and in the PNR, the Maximato bequeathed to the republic new institutions that put an end to the traditional caudillato. He left as an inheritance a society plus urban, more secular and more actively involved in the politics national.
End of the Maximato
The Maximato ended in 1934 with the election of Lázaro Cárdenas to the position of president. The new government It was less manipulable by Calles, who at that time was suffering from gallbladder disease and had to undergo surgery in the United States.
This trend was formalized in 1935, when Cárdenas requested the resignation of the entire cabinet of Callista affiliation, in a climate of confrontations workers and division in parliament. Finally Calles was expelled from the country by Cárdenas in 1936, initiating an exile in the United States that lasted until 1941, thus robbing him of all political influence in the country.